Evaluating sampling efficiency when estimating sediment source contributions to suspended sediment in rivers by fingerprinting          下载免费PDF全文

Robin T. Clarke  Jean P. G. Minella 《水文研究》2016,30(19):3408-3419

A general method is proposed which measures the increase in uncertainty when sampling effort is reduced in sediment fingerprinting. The method gives quantitative measures of how reduced sampling of material in one of the source areas, and/or of suspended sediment in streams, increases the uncertainties in the proportions of sediment contributed from the sources. Because the proportions of sediment contributed by the source areas must add to one, standard errors of the estimated proportions cannot be used as the usual measures of uncertainty: the paper uses instead the volume of the joint 95% confidence region for the estimated proportions. The paper shows how the uncertainty in this volume changes as numbers of suspended sediment samples, and the numbers of samples collected from cropped fields, are reduced by successive steps from 24 (20, in the case of cropped fields) to 16, 12, 8, 4 and 2 samples. As expected, uncertainty increases rapidly as the number of samples – whether of suspended sediment or from cropped fields – is reduced drastically. The pattern of increasing uncertainty is similar both for reductions in suspended sediment sampling, and for reduced sampling from cropped areas. When the number of suspended sediment samples, and the number of samples from cropped fields, are reduced to the same values, the increase in uncertainty from fewer suspended sediment samples was always slightly greater than the increased uncertainty from the reduced sampling of cropped areas, although this finding took no account of differences in the costs of field sampling and laboratory analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Prediction of topsoil properties at field-scale by using C-band SAR data     

《International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation》2020

Designing and validating digital soil mapping (DSM) techniques can facilitate precision agriculture implementation. This study generates and validates a technique for the spatial prediction of soil properties based on C-band radar data. To this end, (i) we focused on working at farm-field scale and conditions, a fact scarcely reported; (ii) we validated the usefulness of Random Forest regression (RF) to predict soil properties based on C-band radar data; (iii) we validated the prediction accuracy of C-band radar data according to the coverage condition (for example: crop or fallow); and (iv) we aimed to find spatial relationship between soil apparent electrical conductivity and C-band radar. The experiment was conducted on two agricultural fields in the southern Argentine Pampas. Fifty one Sentinel 1 Level-1 GRD (Grid) products of C-band frequency (5.36 GHz) were processed. VH and VV polarizations and the dual polarization SAR vegetation index (DPSVI) were estimated. Soil information was obtained through regular-grid sample scheme and apparent soil electrical conductivity (ECa) measurements. Soil properties predicted were: texture, effective soil depth, ECa at 0-0.3m depth and ECa at 0-0.9m depth. The effect of water, vegetation and soil on the depolarization from SAR backscattering was analyzed. Complementary, spatial predictions of all soil properties from ordinary cokriging and Conditioned Latin hypercube sampling (cLHS) were evaluated using six different soil sample sizes: 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and the total of the grid sampling scheme. The results demonstrate that the prediction accuracy of C-band SAR data for most of the soil properties evaluated varies considerably and is closely dependent on the coverage type and weather dynamics. The polarizations with high prediction accuracy of all soil properties showed low values of σ_VV^o and σ_VH^o, while those with low prediction accuracy showed high values of σ_VV^o and low values of σ_VH^o. The spatial patterns among maps of all soil properties using all samples and all sample sizes were similar. In conditions when summer crops demand large amount of water and there is soil water deficit backscattering showed higher prediction accuracy for most soil properties. During the fallow season, the prediction accuracy decreased and the spatial prediction accuracy was closely dependent on the number of validation samples. The findings of this study corroborates that DSM techniques at field scale can be achieved by using C-band SAR data. Extrapolation y applicability of this study to other areas remain to be tested.  相似文献   

Micro‐sampling Lu–Hf geochronology reveals episodic garnet growth and multiple high‐P metamorphic events          下载免费PDF全文

H. Cheng  X. C. Liu  J. D. Vervoort  D. Wilford  D. D. Cao 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2016,34(4):363-377

We present Lu–Hf dates from multiple growth zones within two large garnet porphyroblasts by a micro‐sampling method. A single eclogite sample, taken from the Huwan shear zone in the Hong'an orogen, was investigated with Lu–Hf geochronology by micro‐sampling and traditional bulk separation methods. The sample contains a few large garnet porphyroblasts up to several centimetres in diameter and a second major population of smaller (0.1–2.0 mm) garnet porphyroblasts, comprised of dark cores and pale rims. Elemental compositions and mineral inclusions in the garnet appear consistent with two garnet generations. Lu–Hf dates (c. 400–264 Ma) were determined from twelve micro‐sawed garnet sections from two large garnet porphyroblasts. These Lu–Hf dates overlap with age peaks defined by 115 SIMS zircon U–Pb analyses from the same eclogite sample. Bulk analyses of smaller garnet separates define a minimum date of c. 306 Ma and a maximum date of c. 252 Ma for the dark cores and pale rims respectively. These Lu–Hf dates were interpreted to bracket the period of garnet growth and the broad interval from c. 400 to 264 Ma is best explained by protracted and episodic garnet growth, which may require that these rocks experienced two subduction cycles that were initiated during the Devonian and terminated in the Triassic.  相似文献   

基于多尺度光谱增益调制的遥感影像融合方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

刘军  邵振峰 《测绘学报》2011,40(4):470-476

针对IHS和PCA等常用影像融合方法会产生较严重的光谱扭曲的问题,基于光谱增益曲面,提出一种多尺度光谱增益调制的光谱保持型遥感影像融合方法,能够有效地减少由于饱和度变化而引起的光谱扭曲。融合试验和客观评价指标证明,与传统的IHS、PCA等方法相比,本文方法能够在提高空间分辨率和保持光谱特征之间取得更好的平衡。  相似文献   

岩石力学试验中试样选择和抗压强度预测方法研究   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

邓华锋  李建林  邓成进  王乐华  鲁涛 《岩土力学》2011,32(11):3399-3403

岩石力学试验是岩石力学的基础,是研究岩石力学与工程的重要手段之一,但岩石力学试验的结果往往要受到很多因素的影响,试验结果的离散是普遍存在的,有时可能会得到完全相反的结论。以超声波传播速度、回弹值与岩石强度之间相互关系为基础,综合两种方法的优点,把超声-回弹综合法应用到岩石试样选择中,在正式试验之前,挑出那些可能会使试验结果很离散的试样,可以提高室内试验的测试准确程度。实践表明,这种综合选样方法具有较好的适用性,对有缺陷的试样有较好的识辨能力,而且方便、快速、对试样没有损伤,同时,超声-回弹综合法可以较好地预测岩石的抗压强度。因此,这种综合方法在岩石试样选择和强度预测中值得借鉴。  相似文献   

熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定重晶石中主次量元素   总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0  

仵利萍  刘卫 《岩矿测试》2011,30(2):217-221

准确测定重晶石中硫酸钡及锶等组分的含量,对于评价矿石的质量品级十分重要。文章应用X射线荧光光谱法测定重晶石中BaO、Al2O3、Fe、CaO、MgO、SiO2、Na2O、K2O、Sr等9种主、次量组分。采用熔融片制样,消除了矿物结构效应,降低基体效应的影响,研究了熔样的条件,确定仪器测量的最佳参数。各元素相对标准偏差(RSD,n=10)≤10%,测定结果与化学法测定值相符,同时满足了ISO 9507对各元素分析结果准确度≤0.5%的要求。方法快速、准确,方便快捷,具有良好的精密度和准确度,可用于重晶石矿选矿样品尾矿、中矿、精矿中钡、锶、铁、钙、镁、铝、硅、钾、钠的同时测定,也可代替传统的化学法用于选冶实验分析。  相似文献   

不同采样密度的土地质量地球化学评估结果对比——以浙江省龙游县为例   总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2  

简中华  王世纪  黄春雷  魏迎春  曲颖 《现代地质》2011,25(1):176-181

以浙江龙游县北部地区为例,基于《土地质量地球化学评估技术要求》,选择1件/4 km2、1件/km2和4件/km23种采样密度,开展了土地质量地球化学评估工作,重点比较了不同采样密度下的土地质量地球化学评估结果的差异以及其结果的应用范围。结果显示,1件/4 km2的评估结果可以为省级土地管理服务,4件/km2的评估结果可以为县市级土地资源保护与开发利用服务,并指导乡镇级土地管理与土地质量地球化学评估工作的开展。该研究为今后开展土地质量地球化学评估工作提供了实践和理论基础。  相似文献   

安化县大溶溪白钨矿床刻槽取样间距对比试验及其经济意义     

王峰 《湖南地质》1995,14(1):53-57

运用地质法、几何法、探采对比法、数学分析法等多种方法对大溶溪白钨矿床刻槽取样间距进行了对比试验，认为取样间距沿走向为６ｍ、沿倾斜为４ｍ具有代表性，比原来沿走向和倾斜均为２ｍ更经济合理，采用这项试验成果后共节约生产探矿取样成本４０余万元。  相似文献   

超低密度河漫滩沉积物地球化学采样的代表性     

沈夏初  谢学锦  鄢明才  顾铁新  迟清华 《物探与化探》1995,19(2):88-95

为了响应国际地球化学旗图计划(ICCP259)中的全球地球化学采样子计划的实施,研制超低密度地球化学采样的最佳方法,1989～1990年在江西省开展了一项试点研究.在约15.7万平方公里的可采面积内采集了121件河漫滩沉积物样品.平均采样密度约为五个点/1300km².采样覆盖度为24%.采样点主要布置在100-500km²的汇水盆地口上,其中有33个采样点控制的汇水盆地面积在400～2000km²之间.河漫滩沉积物样品来自深度在0.5m以下到1.2m的柱状剖面.样品定量分析了38种元素.文章从多方面讨论了超低密度河漫滩沉积物地球化学术样的代表性,并得出以下主要结论:1.在400-2000km²的汇水盆地口上采集河漫滩沉积物样品能较好地反映上游汇水盆地中的主要矿化.2.超低密度采样和以2个点/km²采集水系沉积物样品所获得的W、Sn、Cu、Pb和Zn五个元素的地球化学趋势相似.3.超低密度样品中W、Ph、Be、Rb等元素的分布特征与省内花岗岩的分布相吻合.4.超低密来样品中“3Ni+Cr+V”的分布能较好地反映扬子准地台与华南加里东精皱系在省内的分界线.  相似文献   

海底取样技术发展现状及工作原理概述 ——海底取样技术专题之一   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

补家武鄢泰宁  昌志军 《探矿工程》2001,(2):44-48

从海底取样的意义和取样器的分类入手，阐述了国外海底取样器的发展现状及其工作原理，包括非可控式的冲击式，压入，射入式，吸入式；可控式的气动，液动冲击式，振动式，回转式等。  相似文献